diff --git a/src/backends/drm/drm_buffer.cpp b/src/backends/drm/drm_buffer.cpp
index e52c4762b3..0f0b8b71f4 100644
--- a/src/backends/drm/drm_buffer.cpp
+++ b/src/backends/drm/drm_buffer.cpp
@@ -52,4 +52,16 @@ void DrmFramebuffer::releaseBuffer()
 {
     m_bufferRef = nullptr;
 }
+
+bool DrmFramebuffer::isReadable()
+{
+    if (m_readable) {
+        return true;
+    } else {
+        const auto &fds = m_bufferRef->dmabufAttributes()->fd;
+        return m_readable = std::all_of(fds.begin(), fds.end(), [](const auto &fd) {
+                   return !fd.isValid() || fd.isReadable();
+               });
+    }
+}
 }
diff --git a/src/backends/drm/drm_buffer.h b/src/backends/drm/drm_buffer.h
index 182fe3e5b6..4d5145c60d 100644
--- a/src/backends/drm/drm_buffer.h
+++ b/src/backends/drm/drm_buffer.h
@@ -30,11 +30,13 @@ public:
     GraphicsBuffer *buffer() const;
 
     void releaseBuffer();
+    bool isReadable();
 
 protected:
     const uint32_t m_framebufferId;
     DrmGpu *const m_gpu;
     GraphicsBufferRef m_bufferRef;
+    bool m_readable = false;
 };
 
 }
diff --git a/src/backends/drm/drm_commit.cpp b/src/backends/drm/drm_commit.cpp
index df2053ca94..b166020106 100644
--- a/src/backends/drm/drm_commit.cpp
+++ b/src/backends/drm/drm_commit.cpp
@@ -60,6 +60,12 @@ void DrmAtomicCommit::addBuffer(DrmPlane *plane, const std::shared_ptr<DrmFrameb
     m_buffers[plane] = buffer;
 }
 
+void DrmAtomicCommit::setVrr(DrmCrtc *crtc, bool vrr)
+{
+    addProperty(crtc->vrrEnabled, vrr ? 1 : 0);
+    m_vrr = vrr;
+}
+
 bool DrmAtomicCommit::test()
 {
     return drmModeAtomicCommit(gpu()->fd(), m_req.get(), DRM_MODE_ATOMIC_TEST_ONLY | DRM_MODE_ATOMIC_NONBLOCK, this) == 0;
@@ -96,6 +102,19 @@ void DrmAtomicCommit::pageFlipped(std::chrono::nanoseconds timestamp) const
     }
 }
 
+bool DrmAtomicCommit::areBuffersReadable() const
+{
+    return std::all_of(m_buffers.begin(), m_buffers.end(), [](const auto &pair) {
+        const auto &[plane, buffer] = pair;
+        return !buffer || buffer->isReadable();
+    });
+}
+
+bool DrmAtomicCommit::isVrr() const
+{
+    return m_vrr;
+}
+
 DrmLegacyCommit::DrmLegacyCommit(DrmPipeline *pipeline, const std::shared_ptr<DrmFramebuffer> &buffer)
     : DrmCommit(pipeline->gpu())
     , m_pipeline(pipeline)
diff --git a/src/backends/drm/drm_commit.h b/src/backends/drm/drm_commit.h
index e3817a7822..1106bed386 100644
--- a/src/backends/drm/drm_commit.h
+++ b/src/backends/drm/drm_commit.h
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ public:
     }
     void addBlob(const DrmProperty &prop, const std::shared_ptr<DrmBlob> &blob);
     void addBuffer(DrmPlane *plane, const std::shared_ptr<DrmFramebuffer> &buffer);
+    void setVrr(DrmCrtc *crtc, bool vrr);
 
     bool test();
     bool testAllowModeset();
@@ -68,11 +69,15 @@ public:
 
     drmModeAtomicReq *req() const;
 
+    bool areBuffersReadable() const;
+    bool isVrr() const;
+
 private:
     const QVector<DrmPipeline *> m_pipelines;
     DrmUniquePtr<drmModeAtomicReq> m_req;
     QHash<const DrmProperty *, std::shared_ptr<DrmBlob>> m_blobs;
     std::unordered_map<DrmPlane *, std::shared_ptr<DrmFramebuffer>> m_buffers;
+    bool m_vrr = false;
 };
 
 class DrmLegacyCommit : public DrmCommit
diff --git a/src/backends/drm/drm_commit_thread.cpp b/src/backends/drm/drm_commit_thread.cpp
index ebe0aa8703..65601e1870 100644
--- a/src/backends/drm/drm_commit_thread.cpp
+++ b/src/backends/drm/drm_commit_thread.cpp
@@ -12,12 +12,14 @@
 #include "logging_p.h"
 #include "utils/realtime.h"
 
+using namespace std::chrono_literals;
+
 namespace KWin
 {
 
 // This value was chosen experimentally and should be adjusted if needed
 // committing takes about 800µs, the rest is accounting for sleep not being accurate enough
-static constexpr std::chrono::microseconds s_safetyMargin(1800);
+static constexpr auto s_safetyMargin = 1800us;
 
 DrmCommitThread::DrmCommitThread()
 {
@@ -32,15 +34,26 @@ DrmCommitThread::DrmCommitThread()
                 m_commitPending.wait(lock);
             }
             if (m_commit) {
-                const auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch();
+                const auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
                 if (m_targetPageflipTime > now + s_safetyMargin) {
                     lock.unlock();
-                    std::this_thread::sleep_for(m_targetPageflipTime - s_safetyMargin - now);
+                    std::this_thread::sleep_until(m_targetPageflipTime - s_safetyMargin);
                     lock.lock();
                 }
                 // the other thread may replace the commit, but not erase it
                 Q_ASSERT(m_commit);
+                if (!m_commit->areBuffersReadable()) {
+                    // reschedule, this commit would not hit the pageflip deadline anyways
+                    if (m_vrr) {
+                        m_targetPageflipTime += 50us;
+                    } else {
+                        m_targetPageflipTime += m_minVblankInterval;
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+                const bool vrr = m_commit->isVrr();
                 if (m_commit->commit()) {
+                    m_vrr = vrr;
                     // the atomic commit takes ownership of the object
                     m_commit.release();
                 } else {
@@ -62,11 +75,16 @@ DrmCommitThread::~DrmCommitThread()
     m_thread->wait();
 }
 
-void DrmCommitThread::setCommit(std::unique_ptr<DrmAtomicCommit> &&commit, std::chrono::nanoseconds targetPageflipTime)
+void DrmCommitThread::setCommit(std::unique_ptr<DrmAtomicCommit> &&commit)
 {
     std::unique_lock lock(m_mutex);
     m_commit = std::move(commit);
-    m_targetPageflipTime = targetPageflipTime;
+    const auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+    if (m_vrr && now >= m_lastPageflip + m_minVblankInterval) {
+        m_targetPageflipTime = now;
+    } else {
+        m_targetPageflipTime = estimateNextVblank(now);
+    }
     m_commitPending.notify_all();
 }
 
@@ -87,4 +105,22 @@ void DrmCommitThread::clearDroppedCommits()
     std::unique_lock lock(m_mutex);
     m_droppedCommits.clear();
 }
+
+void DrmCommitThread::setRefreshRate(uint32_t maximum)
+{
+    std::unique_lock lock(m_mutex);
+    m_minVblankInterval = std::chrono::nanoseconds(1'000'000'000'000ull / maximum);
+}
+
+void DrmCommitThread::pageFlipped(std::chrono::nanoseconds timestamp)
+{
+    std::unique_lock lock(m_mutex);
+    m_lastPageflip = TimePoint(timestamp);
+}
+
+TimePoint DrmCommitThread::estimateNextVblank(TimePoint now) const
+{
+    const uint64_t pageflipsSince = (now - m_lastPageflip) / m_minVblankInterval;
+    return m_lastPageflip + m_minVblankInterval * (pageflipsSince + 1);
+}
 }
diff --git a/src/backends/drm/drm_commit_thread.h b/src/backends/drm/drm_commit_thread.h
index 156317c4ed..2333e89b1a 100644
--- a/src/backends/drm/drm_commit_thread.h
+++ b/src/backends/drm/drm_commit_thread.h
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ namespace KWin
 class DrmGpu;
 class DrmAtomicCommit;
 
+using TimePoint = std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point;
+
 class DrmCommitThread : public QObject
 {
     Q_OBJECT
@@ -27,21 +29,28 @@ public:
     explicit DrmCommitThread();
     ~DrmCommitThread();
 
-    void setCommit(std::unique_ptr<DrmAtomicCommit> &&commit, std::chrono::nanoseconds targetPageflipTime);
+    void setCommit(std::unique_ptr<DrmAtomicCommit> &&commit);
     bool replaceCommit(std::unique_ptr<DrmAtomicCommit> &&commit);
 
+    void setRefreshRate(uint32_t maximum);
+    void pageFlipped(std::chrono::nanoseconds timestamp);
+
 Q_SIGNALS:
     void commitFailed();
 
 private:
     void clearDroppedCommits();
+    TimePoint estimateNextVblank(TimePoint now) const;
 
     std::unique_ptr<DrmAtomicCommit> m_commit;
     std::unique_ptr<QThread> m_thread;
     std::mutex m_mutex;
     std::condition_variable m_commitPending;
-    std::chrono::nanoseconds m_targetPageflipTime;
+    TimePoint m_lastPageflip;
+    TimePoint m_targetPageflipTime;
+    std::chrono::nanoseconds m_minVblankInterval;
     std::vector<std::unique_ptr<DrmAtomicCommit>> m_droppedCommits;
+    bool m_vrr = false;
 };
 
 }
diff --git a/src/backends/drm/drm_gpu.cpp b/src/backends/drm/drm_gpu.cpp
index 1e5c92006b..528ef15c60 100644
--- a/src/backends/drm/drm_gpu.cpp
+++ b/src/backends/drm/drm_gpu.cpp
@@ -873,8 +873,8 @@ std::shared_ptr<DrmFramebuffer> DrmGpu::importBuffer(GraphicsBuffer *buffer)
                                          attributes->height,
                                          attributes->format,
                                          handles,
-                                         attributes->pitch,
-                                         attributes->offset,
+                                         attributes->pitch.data(),
+                                         attributes->offset.data(),
                                          modifier,
                                          &framebufferId,
                                          DRM_MODE_FB_MODIFIERS);
@@ -884,8 +884,8 @@ std::shared_ptr<DrmFramebuffer> DrmGpu::importBuffer(GraphicsBuffer *buffer)
                             attributes->height,
                             attributes->format,
                             handles,
-                            attributes->pitch,
-                            attributes->offset,
+                            attributes->pitch.data(),
+                            attributes->offset.data(),
                             &framebufferId,
                             0);
         if (ret == EOPNOTSUPP && attributes->planeCount == 1) {
diff --git a/src/backends/drm/drm_pipeline.cpp b/src/backends/drm/drm_pipeline.cpp
index 884616b3e0..c76b4c4d35 100644
--- a/src/backends/drm/drm_pipeline.cpp
+++ b/src/backends/drm/drm_pipeline.cpp
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ DrmPipeline::Error DrmPipeline::commitPipelinesAtomic(const QVector<DrmPipeline
         Q_ASSERT(pipelines.size() == 1);
         Q_ASSERT(unusedObjects.isEmpty());
         const auto pipeline = pipelines.front();
-        pipeline->m_commitThread->setCommit(std::move(commit), pipeline->m_output->renderLoop()->nextPresentationTimestamp());
+        pipeline->m_commitThread->setCommit(std::move(commit));
         pipeline->atomicCommitSuccessful();
         return Error::None;
     }
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ bool DrmPipeline::prepareAtomicPresentation(DrmAtomicCommit *commit)
     }
 
     if (m_pending.crtc->vrrEnabled.isValid()) {
-        commit->addProperty(m_pending.crtc->vrrEnabled, m_pending.syncMode == RenderLoopPrivate::SyncMode::Adaptive || m_pending.syncMode == RenderLoopPrivate::SyncMode::AdaptiveAsync);
+        commit->setVrr(m_pending.crtc, m_pending.syncMode == RenderLoopPrivate::SyncMode::Adaptive || m_pending.syncMode == RenderLoopPrivate::SyncMode::AdaptiveAsync);
     }
     if (m_pending.crtc->gammaLut.isValid()) {
         commit->addBlob(m_pending.crtc->gammaLut, m_pending.gamma ? m_pending.gamma->blob() : nullptr);
@@ -405,6 +405,7 @@ bool DrmPipeline::moveCursor()
 void DrmPipeline::applyPendingChanges()
 {
     m_next = m_pending;
+    m_commitThread->setRefreshRate(m_pending.mode->refreshRate());
 }
 
 DrmConnector *DrmPipeline::connector() const
@@ -419,6 +420,7 @@ DrmGpu *DrmPipeline::gpu() const
 
 void DrmPipeline::pageFlipped(std::chrono::nanoseconds timestamp)
 {
+    m_commitThread->pageFlipped(timestamp);
     m_pageflipPending = false;
     if (m_output && activePending()) {
         m_output->pageFlipped(timestamp);
diff --git a/src/core/graphicsbuffer.h b/src/core/graphicsbuffer.h
index ac97ee2c71..4772aa35ac 100644
--- a/src/core/graphicsbuffer.h
+++ b/src/core/graphicsbuffer.h
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ struct DmaBufAttributes
     uint32_t format = 0;
     uint64_t modifier = 0;
 
-    FileDescriptor fd[4];
-    uint32_t offset[4] = {0, 0, 0, 0};
-    uint32_t pitch[4] = {0, 0, 0, 0};
+    std::array<FileDescriptor, 4> fd;
+    std::array<uint32_t, 4> offset{0, 0, 0, 0};
+    std::array<uint32_t, 4> pitch{0, 0, 0, 0};
 };
 
 struct ShmAttributes