Commit graph

98 commits

Author SHA1 Message Date
Vlad Zahorodnii
b4a4e8a45d Drop WaylandServer::terminateClientConnections()
Display will destroy all client connections before getting destroyed.
2021-10-14 10:02:50 +00:00
Vlad Zahorodnii
e550480c43 Rework input method teardown logic
Explicitly destroy input method rather than wait for the input method
connection to be destroyed by WaylandServer, it's less error prone.

BUG: 443603
2021-10-14 10:02:50 +00:00
Vlad Zahorodnii
260b224d3b Drop WaylandServer::dispatch()
There's no any good reason to dispatch events at shutdown.
2021-10-12 06:32:55 +00:00
Vlad Zahorodnii
5be593d4e4 wayland: Drop internal connection
It's practically unused now.
2021-10-07 13:28:08 +00:00
Nicolas Fella
25b85607d0 Port from KPluginLoader::pluginsById to KPluginMetaData::pluginById
The latter gives us only a single plugin which makes the code a bit more concise
2021-07-22 22:59:13 +02:00
Vlad Zahorodnii
7d0cad07fb autotests: Fix XwaylandInputTest
For some reason, Xwayland doesn't like starting without outputs. If
outputs are added later, it sends bogus EnterNotify and LeaveNotify
events.
2021-05-13 11:44:41 +00:00
Vlad Zahorodnii
5739603145 autotests: Fix kglobalaccel integration
Starting with 48c3376927e5e9c13377bf3cfc8b0c411783e7f3 in kglobalaccel,
KGlobalAccel won't work in desktop environments other than Plasma.

We need to set XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP=KDE to ensure that global shortcuts
still work.
2021-05-05 09:16:58 +03:00
Aleix Pol
050ce24247 inputmethod: Move the input method process into the InputMethod class
Use the control this gives us for stopping the input method process when
we disable.
2021-04-29 11:04:19 +00:00
Vlad Zahorodnii
ac3c09ba75 Remove Platform::areOutputsEnabled()
This flag is redundant. If an output is disabled, the compositor won't
attempt to perform compositing on it.
2021-04-29 10:47:41 +00:00
Vlad Zahorodnii
ade861d6de Refactor session code
At the moment, the session code is far from being extensible. If we
decide to add support for libseatd, it will be a challenging task with
the current design of session management code. The goal of this
refactoring is to fix that.

Another motivation behind this change is to prepare session related code
for upstreaming to kwayland-server where it belongs.
2021-03-23 08:01:19 +00:00
Vlad Zahorodnii
6c9e0781cd Simplify code that destroys plugins and color manager
This reduces some code duplication and ensures that plugins and the
color manager are destroyed while Platform is still valid.
2021-02-24 09:38:56 +00:00
Vlad Zahorodnii
68c675d00d Make source code more relocatable
Occasionally, I see complaints about the file organization of kwin,
which is fair enough.

This change makes the source code more relocatable by removing relative
paths from includes.

CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR was added to the interface include directories
of kwin library. This means that as long as you link against kwin target,
the real location of the source code of the library doesn't matter.

With autotests, things are not as convenient as with kwin target. Some
tests use cpp files from kwin core. If we move all source code in a src/
directory, they will need to be adjusted, but mostly only in build
scripts.
2021-02-10 15:31:42 +00:00
Vlad Zahorodnii
335d9c4192 xwayland: Generate Xauthority file
This allows running Xwayland apps as root. Xwayland started with an
empty Xauthority file. After kwin has received the display number, the
file is updated with an actual authority entry.

BUG: 432625
2021-02-09 00:14:31 +02:00
Vlad Zahorodnii
eaf94f465c Re-apply color transforms when session is re-activated
When our session is re-activated, we need to re-apply color transforms
as the current gamma ramps might be outdated.
2020-12-21 20:25:32 +02:00
Vlad Zahorodnii
267eb0e9fa Fix NightColorTest
Currently, the test crashes because the ColorManager is not created.
2020-12-17 13:03:18 +02:00
Vlad Zahorodnii
3a7bce693e Explicitly destroy plugins
A plugin may need to access kwinApp() or kwinApp()->platform() during
tear down, but the problem is that plugins are destroyed after the
kwinApp() object. The plugin manager must be destroyed explicitly while
the application is still valid to ensure that no crash will occur
during compositor teardown.
2020-11-26 20:51:14 +02:00
Vlad Zahorodnii
c766e5da6d Introduce infrastructure for compositor extensions
The scripting api is not suitable for implementing all features that
should not be implemented in libkwin. For example, the krunner
integration or screencasting are the things that don't belong to be
compiled right into kwin and yet we don't have any other choice.

This change introduces a quick and dirty plugin infrastructure that
can be used to implement things such as colord integration, krunner
integration, etc.
2020-11-24 15:50:33 +00:00
Vlad Zahorodnii
0dd2f787ae wayland: Link statically against KIdleTime integration plugin
The main motivation behind this change is to improve startup time. The
Poller class was renamed to avoid potential name conflicts in the future.
2020-11-23 16:44:42 +00:00
Vlad Zahorodnii
f3a902911a wayland: Link statically KWindowSystem integration plugin
Without the KWindowSystem integration plugin, Wayland experience will be
negatively affected because windows created by kwin itself won't behave
as desired. Therefore it makes little sense to load this plugin at runtime.
2020-11-23 16:44:41 +00:00
Vlad Zahorodnii
49e0b84d84 wayland: Link statically KGlobalAccel integration plugin
Without the KGlobalAccel integration plugin, Wayland experience will be
negatively affected. Therefore it makes little sense to load it at run-
time.
2020-11-23 16:44:41 +00:00
David Edmundson
5e60e64a5d Bundle QPA plugin directly
On wayland, we know we're always going to load our internal QPA. Instead
of shipping a plugin and loading it dynamically we can use Qt static
plugins.

This should result in slightly faster load times, but also reduce the
number of moving pieces for kwin.

This also prevents anyone outside kwin loading our QPA which wouldn't
have made any sense and just crashed.
2020-11-22 17:52:14 +00:00
Bhushan Shah
222b558b04 virtualkeyboard: rename class to InputMethod
VirtualKeyboard class does not implement the relevant VirtualKeyboard
protocol but rather implements the InputMethod protcol and can in theory
be used by other input method like e.g. ibus.

Make class name consistent with what it does to avoid confusion in
future.

For now only rename of main class is done and dbus service is kept as-is
to provide retro-compatibility, when input method protocol is
implemented fully, we can think of what to do wrt the dbus interface
later when we fully implement zwp_input_method_unstable_v1 protocol.
2020-09-29 20:55:24 +05:30
Vlad Zahorodnii
b13a74c908 xwayland: Replace criticalError() signal with a less fatal signal
If the Xwayland executable can't be found, the whole session will die
because a criticalError() signal will be emitted.

This change replaces the criticalError() signal with a less severe
signal.

If the errorOccurred() signal has been emitted during the startup
sequence, kwin won't die and will just continue with spawning the
session process.
2020-09-09 15:25:59 +00:00
Marco Martin
97f4712f29 Fix size restore upon keyboard close in XdgSurfaceClient
in XdgSurfaceClient setFrameGeometry is async,
so we can't rely on it having the final value immediately.
make setVirtualKeyboardGeometry a virtual.
in the implementation on setVirtualKeyboardGeometry
use requestedFrameGeometry() instead of frameGeometry()
2020-09-01 08:58:46 +00:00
Vlad Zahorodnii
4ce853e8e4 Prettify license headers 2020-08-07 19:57:56 +00:00
Vlad Zahorodnii
1fb9f6f13a Switch to SPDX license markers
The main advantage of SPDX license identifiers over the traditional
license headers is that it's more difficult to overlook inappropriate
licenses for kwin, for example GPL 3. We also don't have to copy a
lot of boilerplate text.

In order to create this change, I ran licensedigger -r -c from the
toplevel source directory.
2020-08-07 19:57:56 +00:00
Vlad Zahorodnii
19ad172584 Survive Xwayland crashes
If the Xwayland process crashes, it will bring down the entire session
together with itself. Obviously, we don't want that. At least, Wayland
clients should survive the crash.

This change refactors relevant X11 parts to handle Xwayland crashes in a
less fatal way.

In order to handle Xwayland crashes better, a pair of start() and stop()
methods had been introduced in the Xwayland class to allow starting and
stopping the Xwayland process at any moment.

If we detect that the Xwayland process has crashed, we will immediately
stop the Xwayland server, which in its turn will deactivate the socket
notifier and destroy all connected X11 clients. Unfortunately, a couple
of subtle changes in X11Client::releaseWindow() and Unmanaged::release()
had to be made to ensure that we are left with a valid state after the
Xwayland server has been stopped.
2020-08-05 08:48:00 +00:00
Vlad Zahorodnii
97cf90269a Start accepting client connections after creating workspace
Sub-classes of the AbstractClient class need a valid instance of the
Workspace class to function as desired. We should not create xdg-shell
clients until the workspace is created.
2020-07-17 09:10:51 +00:00
Vlad Zahorodnii
d1b35f306d Introduce started signal in Application
The new signal is emitted when the Application has fully been initialized.

It allows us to change the startup sequence, for example create workspace
before starting the Xwayland server, without making any adjustments in our
test suit.
2020-07-17 09:10:51 +00:00
Roman Gilg
1db84a2ba7 Split Compositor class in Wayland and X11 child classes
Summary:
This patch is a first take at splitting up of the Compositor class into
Wayland and X11 child classes.

In this first patch we mostly deal with setup and teardown procedures.
A future goal is to further differentiate the compositing part itself too.

Test Plan: Manually X from VT and Wayland nested. Autotests pass.

Reviewers: #kwin

Subscribers: sbergeron, anthonyfieroni, zzag, kwin

Tags: #kwin

Maniphest Tasks: T11071

Differential Revision: https://phabricator.kde.org/D22195
2019-08-07 21:06:53 +02:00
Vlad Zagorodniy
4e078b9eaf Revert "wayland: Terminate client connections before Workspace is destroyed"
Commit 826b9742e9 breaks a lot of other
things. Need further investigation before fixing heap-use-after-free.
2019-08-07 11:21:30 +03:00
Vlad Zagorodniy
826b9742e9 wayland: Terminate client connections before Workspace is destroyed
Summary:
When ShellClient tears down, it needs to access RuleBook in order to
discard temporary rules. The problem is that WaylandServer outlives
Workspace and therefore so does ShellClient.

We can't guard against the case when RuleBook::self() is nullptr as it
is vital to discard temporary rules.

This change adjusts termination sequence so all shell clients are
destroyed before Workspace(and thus RuleBook) is gone.

ASAN output:
    ==19922==ERROR: AddressSanitizer: heap-use-after-free on address 0x606000142060 at pc 0x7fbc0fb878bb bp 0x7ffd7d464520 sp 0x7ffd7d464518
    READ of size 8 at 0x606000142060 thread T0
        #0 0x7fbc0fb878ba in QList<KWin::Rules*>::detach() /usr/include/qt5/QtCore/qlist.h:172
        #1 0x7fbc0fb8538d in QList<KWin::Rules*>::begin() /usr/include/qt5/QtCore/qlist.h:324
        #2 0x7fbc0fb808b6 in KWin::RuleBook::discardUsed(KWin::AbstractClient*, bool) /home/jenkins/workspace/Plasma/kwin/kf5-qt5 SUSEQt5.12/rules.cpp:1144
        #3 0x7fbc0fe36e32 in KWin::ShellClient::destroyClient() /home/jenkins/workspace/Plasma/kwin/kf5-qt5 SUSEQt5.12/shell_client.cpp:435
        #4 0x7fbc0fe7a726 in QtPrivate::FunctorCall<QtPrivate::IndexesList<>, QtPrivate::List<>, void, void (KWin::ShellClient::*)()>::call(void (KWin::ShellClient::*)(), KWin::ShellClient*, void**) /usr/include/qt5/QtCore/qobjectdefs_impl.h:152
        #5 0x7fbc0fe784c3 in void QtPrivate::FunctionPointer<void (KWin::ShellClient::*)()>::call<QtPrivate::List<>, void>(void (KWin::ShellClient::*)(), KWin::ShellClient*, void**) /usr/include/qt5/QtCore/qobjectdefs_impl.h:185
        #6 0x7fbc0fe74de9 in QtPrivate::QSlotObject<void (KWin::ShellClient::*)(), QtPrivate::List<>, void>::impl(int, QtPrivate::QSlotObjectBase*, QObject*, void**, bool*) (/home/jenkins/install-prefix/lib64/libkwin.so.5+0x1677de9)
        #7 0x7fbc04f27357 in QMetaObject::activate(QObject*, int, int, void**) (/usr/lib64/libQt5Core.so.5+0x2b3357)
        #8 0x7fbc074e1970 in KWayland::Server::Resource::unbound() /home/jenkins/workspace/Administration/Dependency Build Plasma kf5-qt5 SUSEQt5.12/kwayland/build/src/server/KF5WaylandServer_autogen/EWIEGA46WW/moc_resource.cpp:142
        #9 0x7fbc0766b4b4 in KWayland::Server::Resource::Private::unbind(wl_resource*) /home/jenkins/workspace/Administration/Dependency Build Plasma kf5-qt5 SUSEQt5.12/kwayland/src/server/resource.cpp:68
        #10 0x7fbc00bdc2ae  (/usr/lib64/libwayland-server.so.0+0x92ae)
        #11 0x7fbc00bdc32f in wl_resource_destroy (/usr/lib64/libwayland-server.so.0+0x932f)
        #12 0x7fbc0766b53f in KWayland::Server::Resource::Private::resourceDestroyedCallback(wl_client*, wl_resource*) /home/jenkins/workspace/Administration/Dependency Build Plasma kf5-qt5 SUSEQt5.12/kwayland/src/server/resource.cpp:76
        #13 0x7fbbff481d8c  (/usr/lib64/libffi.so.7+0x6d8c)
        #14 0x7fbbff481179  (/usr/lib64/libffi.so.7+0x6179)
        #15 0x7fbc00bdfa5f  (/usr/lib64/libwayland-server.so.0+0xca5f)
        #16 0x7fbc00bdc6d1  (/usr/lib64/libwayland-server.so.0+0x96d1)
        #17 0x7fbc00bddc71 in wl_event_loop_dispatch (/usr/lib64/libwayland-server.so.0+0xac71)
        #18 0x7fbc07541e50 in KWayland::Server::Display::Private::dispatch() /home/jenkins/workspace/Administration/Dependency Build Plasma kf5-qt5 SUSEQt5.12/kwayland/src/server/display.cpp:148
        #19 0x7fbc075432de in KWayland::Server::Display::dispatchEvents(int) /home/jenkins/workspace/Administration/Dependency Build Plasma kf5-qt5 SUSEQt5.12/kwayland/src/server/display.cpp:220
        #20 0x7fbc0fe864ca in KWin::WaylandServer::dispatch() /home/jenkins/workspace/Plasma/kwin/kf5-qt5 SUSEQt5.12/wayland_server.cpp:616
        #21 0x451ce0 in KWin::WaylandTestApplication::~WaylandTestApplication() /home/jenkins/workspace/Plasma/kwin/kf5-qt5 SUSEQt5.12/autotests/integration/kwin_wayland_test.cpp:91
        #22 0x42faa1 in main /home/jenkins/workspace/Plasma/kwin/kf5-qt5 SUSEQt5.12/autotests/integration/globalshortcuts_test.cpp:381
        #23 0x7fbc04796bca in __libc_start_main (/lib64/libc.so.6+0x26bca)
        #24 0x413ea9 in _start (/home/jenkins/workspace/Plasma/kwin/kf5-qt5 SUSEQt5.12/build/bin/testGlobalShortcuts+0x413ea9)

Reviewers: #kwin, davidedmundson

Reviewed By: #kwin, davidedmundson

Subscribers: kwin

Tags: #kwin

Differential Revision: https://phabricator.kde.org/D22821
2019-07-31 20:08:50 +03:00
David Edmundson
5e9023948e [wayland] Keep application startup flow inside main_wayland
Summary:
In a recent patch the newly added xwayland class ended up being
responsible for continuing the startup, calling back into the main app
to spawn the workspace.

It moves the flow of startup about so it's not very readable or
following class structure.

This patch moves the code back into main_wayland and removes the
duplication between xwayland and non-xwayland modes.

There was also a misnaming of methods.

Previously:
continueStartupWithScreens was called after platform screens are created
continueStartupWithScene was called after the scene was created
continueStartupWithXwayland was called before xwayland is created

This was confusing, so the names have been shuffled around to follow a
consistent pattern of what has been done so far.

Test Plan:
Started kwin_wayland in normal and xwayland mode
Ran unit tests (though some failed due to a local unrelated and as yet unindentified bug)

Reviewers: #kwin, romangg

Reviewed By: #kwin, romangg

Subscribers: romangg, kwin

Tags: #kwin

Differential Revision: https://phabricator.kde.org/D19232
2019-02-23 12:18:09 +00:00
David Edmundson
3cdea2f77c [wayland] Fix typo in method name
Test Plan: Compile + grep

Reviewers: #kwin

Subscribers: kwin

Tags: #kwin

Differential Revision: https://phabricator.kde.org/D19177
2019-02-20 13:19:24 +00:00
Roman Gilg
6e08fb2fa5 [xwl] Generic X selections translation mechanism with Clipboard support
Summary:
In this patch an infrastructure is created to represent generic X selections
in a Wayland session and use them for data transfers between Xwayland windows
and Wayland native clients.

The central manager is the DataBridge class, in which Selection objects can be
created. This is hard-coded and such a Selection object persists until the end
of the session, so no arbitrary selections can be created on the fly. For now
the X Clipboard selection is supported, whose corresponding mechanism in the
Wayland protocol is just called Selection.

A Selection object listens for selection owner changes on the X side and for
similar events into the Wayland server interfaces. If a data provider is
available a selection source object is created by the Selection object. In case
data is requested on the other side, a data transfer is initialized by creating
a Transfer object. A Selection keeps track of all transfers and makes sure that
they are destroyed when they are finished or in case they idle because of
misbehaving clients.

The Clipboard class translates the X Clipboard via a proxy window. Selection
changes on the Wayland side are listened to through a new signal on the active
KWayland seat interface.

The previously used X clipboard syncer helper is disabled. The clipboard sync
autotest is changed to the new mechanism.

BUG: 394765
BUG: 395313

Test Plan: Manually and clipboard sync autotest.

Reviewers: #kwin

Subscribers: zzag, graesslin, kwin

Tags: #kwin

Differential Revision: https://phabricator.kde.org/D15061
2019-02-19 12:24:27 +01:00
Roman Gilg
608a89a85b [autotests] Use Xwayland class in WaylandTestApplication
Summary:
By using the new Xwayland class we can reduce code duplication.

An abstract parent class is introduced, that allows interfacing
with the Xwayland class from the test binaries.

Test Plan: Autotests still pass.

Reviewers: #kwin, davidedmundson

Reviewed By: #kwin, davidedmundson

Subscribers: kwin

Tags: #kwin

Differential Revision: https://phabricator.kde.org/D15022
2019-02-19 12:18:33 +01:00
Martin Flöser
c2c92fab51 Ensure the Compositor does not start during termination
Summary:
The SceneOpenGLES test was starting to randomly crash on my system. On
investigation I observed that there was a graphics reset ("Attempting to
reset compositing.") which triggered a delayed restart of the
compositor. This even was only processed while waiting for XWayland to
terminate. Which resulted in a crash in KWin::getXServerVersion as the
xcb connection broke.

It makes no sense to setup the compositor again during application
shutdown. Thus the dtors set a flag that they are terminating the
application and Compositor::setup is checking for it.

Test Plan: Test no longer crashes, although it goes through the crashing path

Reviewers: #kwin

Subscribers: kwin

Tags: #kwin

Differential Revision: https://phabricator.kde.org/D18015
2019-01-12 07:36:55 +01:00
Martin Flöser
c8ede9a5ff Build platform plugins in correct sub directory of build dir
Summary:
This brings KWin a step closer to be run from build dir without having
to install at all. The integration tests are adjusted so that the
virtual platform is still found which makes the code be closer to what
is used in normal kwin_wayland.

Test Plan: ctest passes, manually verified correct plugin is loaded

Reviewers: #kwin

Subscribers: kwin

Tags: #kwin

Differential Revision: https://phabricator.kde.org/D17388
2018-12-13 19:36:28 +01:00
Martin Flöser
260646ed62 Delete kglobalshortcutsrc before executing a test
Summary:
When running the complete test suite the ScriptedEffectsTest::testShortcuts
registers the shortcut meta+shift+y. But GlobalShortcutsTest::testX11ClientShortcut
also tries to use this shortcut for a window shortcut which fails if it
is already registered. So when running the complete test suite it
depends on the order of execution whether the GlobalShortcutsTest passes
or not.

Test should be clean - also the globalshortcuts. As the config is read
from test directory anyway, we can delete the file prior to init of
kglobalaccel.

Test Plan: Run ctest, test did not fail anymore

Reviewers: #kwin

Subscribers: kwin

Tags: #kwin

Differential Revision: https://phabricator.kde.org/D16932
2018-12-01 12:13:39 +01:00
Martin Flöser
0e839c4dda Unset XKB_DEFAULT_* in tests to make tests better reproducable
Summary:
On one of my systems XKB_DEFAULT_LAYOUT is set to "de". This makes a few
tests fail, e.g. pointer input and modifier only shortcuts.

The reason is that those tests assume the xkb default layout behavior,
that is how xkb functions without any layout being set. So having the
env variable around influences the layout generation.

To prevent this the environment variables are unset and thus a
reproducable environment is created.

Reviewers: #kwin

Subscribers: kwin

Tags: #kwin

Differential Revision: https://phabricator.kde.org/D16737
2018-11-07 20:10:58 +01:00
Martin Flöser
e9c72e4e62 [autotests] Set breeze icon theme name in integration tests
This is an attempt to get some tests failing on the CI due to not
finding icons fixed. See T8082
2018-02-27 18:17:53 +01:00
Martin Flöser
1c61e61119 [autotests] Support new way to run the tests without need to install
Summary:
KWin was quite good in ensuring that you don't need to install by
passing paths to the tests. The new way is much nicer, so code is
adjusted for the new way. Also if we require a newer ECM in future we
need to support the new way.

No guarantee that the tests don't pick something up from the system env,
that needs more testing.

References: https://community.kde.org/Guidelines_and_HOWTOs/Making_apps_run_uninstalled

Test Plan: The tests which loaded helpers pass

Reviewers: #kwin, #plasma

Subscribers: plasma-devel, kwin

Tags: #kwin

Differential Revision: https://phabricator.kde.org/D7543
2017-11-21 20:34:52 +01:00
Martin Flöser
d75e5c63d4 Ensure Workspace is only started once in Wayland-only mode
The connect to Compositor::sceneCreated must be disconnected again,
otherwise a restart of the Compositor results in Workspace being created
again.

Thanks to our autotests for finding this problem!
2017-10-01 09:06:51 +02:00
Martin Flöser
2fb5a5fb9f [autotests] Support Wayland Only in addition to XWayland
The integrationTest function takes a new optional argument whether the
test supports a Wayland Only mode. If that's the case the test is
compiled twice, once (as always) as "foo" with XWayland support and
once as "foo_waylandonly" without XWayland support.

This way we can ensure that our code always supports both modes. The
tests found multiple issues. At the moment fast running tests are
sporadically crashing on tear down. This needs further investigation.
2017-09-30 16:35:52 +02:00
Martin Gräßlin
ee7da425ce Unpolish QStyle on QApp prior to destroying internal Wayland connection
Summary:
The QStyle might interact with our internal Wayland connection. If the
cleanup happens after destroying our internal Wayland connection KWin
will crash at tear-down.

With this change the QStyle can perform cleanup already prior to the
deconstruction of the Wayland connection.

CCBUG: 372001

Reviewers: #kwin, #plasma_on_wayland

Subscribers: plasma-devel, kwin

Tags: #plasma_on_wayland, #kwin

Differential Revision: https://phabricator.kde.org/D3241
2016-11-07 11:28:06 +01:00
Martin Gräßlin
03b8477f27 [autotest/integration] Enable test mode for QStandardPaths
By enabling test mode for QStandardPath kglobalaccel doesn't modify the
user's global shortcuts any more.
2016-10-05 13:21:33 +02:00
Martin Gräßlin
2b5747dccb [autotests/integration] Unload effects before destroying Workspace
Brings in line with behavior in main_wayland.cpp and is needed as
effects might call into Workspace during tear down.
2016-07-04 14:37:35 +02:00
Martin Gräßlin
d6dd4af8cf Rename autotests/wayland to autotests/integration
It's not about Wayland, but more about Integration. It can test both
Wayland and X11 windows.

Reviewed-By: Bhushan Shah
2016-06-29 10:29:45 +02:00
Renamed from autotests/wayland/kwin_wayland_test.cpp (Browse further)